In theory, remote employees could save on taxes by relocating to a low-tax state, but the taxation challenges are not simple and states are starting to be more aggressive in their taxation of non-resident workers based on employer location. And as states struggle with fiscal shortfalls, we can expect many states to step-up their efforts too.

As a general rule of thumb, workers pay income tax to their state of residence. So, if a taxpayer who lives and works in State X. (where the income tax rate is 8.6%) opts to work remotely from State Y (where there is no state income tax), the taxpayer avoids the income tax altogether. However, some remote workers will end up paying taxes in two states instead of one, possibly doubling their tax burden.

For example, remote employees whose companies are based in Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, and Pennsylvania will incur a tax liability in both their state of residence as well as in the state in which their employer is located. And in these 7 states, the employee does not need to ever even travel to the state where their employer’s office is located to generate a tax liability.

It’s true that often times an employee’s home state might give a credit for any taxes paid to another state, but those credits vary from state to state. Further, if one state’s tax rate is higher than another, the credits are not always one-to-one.

Every state has its own tax code that determines the extent to which your remote work will affect your tax liability, so make sure you know the rules. And seek a tax professional’s help to be sure.

What Do You Need To Know About Inherited IRAs?

The rules pertaining to Individual Retirement Account (IRA) beneficiaries can be complicated. Here is a quick look at the limitations the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) places on the beneficiaries of IRAs.

The biggest difference in the rules pertaining to IRA beneficiaries revolves around two separate issues: 1) when the IRA owner dies; and 2) who is the IRA beneficiary. If the IRA owner dies after required minimum distributions (RMDs) begin, the IRS rules are generally clear.

Distributions must be made to the IRA beneficiary at least as rapidly as the distributions would have been made at the time of the IRA owner’s death, unless a spouse is the designated beneficiary and chooses to treat the IRA as his or her own.

If the IRA owner dies before the RMDs begin, the rules are a bit more complex. If an IRA owner fails to designate a beneficiary, the IRA proceeds must be distributed to the IRA owner’s estate within five years. If the IRA owner designates his or her spouse as the beneficiary, the spousal beneficiary has several options. Directly from the IRS:

Inherited from spouse. If a traditional IRA is inherited from a spouse, the surviving spouse generally has the following three choices:

1. Treat it as his or her own IRA by designating himself or herself as the account owner.
2. Treat it as his or her own by rolling it over into a traditional IRA, or to the extent it is taxable, into a:
   • Qualified employer plan
   • Qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a) plan)
   • Tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan)
   • Deferred compensation plan of a state or local government (section 457(b) plan), or
3. Treat himself or herself as the beneficiary rather than treating the IRA as his or her own.

If a surviving spouse receives a distribution from his or her deceased spouse’s IRA, it can be rolled over into an IRA of the surviving spouse within the 60- day time limit, as long as the distribution is not a required distribution, even if the surviving spouse is not the sole beneficiary of his or her deceased spouse’s IRA.

Inherited from someone other than spouse. If the inherited traditional IRA is from anyone other than a deceased spouse, the beneficiary cannot treat it as his or her own. This means that the beneficiary cannot make any contributions to the IRA or roll over any amounts into or out of the inherited IRA. However, the beneficiary can make a trustee- to- trustee transfer as long as the IRA into which amounts are being moved is set up and maintained in the name of the deceased IRA owner for the benefit of the beneficiary.

Like the original owner, the beneficiary generally will not owe tax on the assets in the IRA until he or she receives distributions from it.

Inherited ROTH IRAs

Generally, the entire interest in a Roth IRA must be distributed by the end of the fifth calendar year after the year of the owner’s death unless the interest is payable to a designated beneficiary over the life or life expectancy of the designated beneficiary.

If paid as an annuity, the entire interest must be payable over a period not greater than the designated beneficiary’s life expectancy and distributions must begin before the end of the calendar year following the year of death. Distributions from another Roth IRA cannot be substituted for these distributions unless the other Roth IRA was inherited from the same decedent.

If the sole beneficiary is the spouse, he or she can either delay distributions until the decedent would have reached age 70½ or treat the Roth IRA as his or her own.

RMD Rules 

When a traditional IRA is transferred into an inherited IRA, there are RMD rules to follow, set by the IRS. Your options for taking distributions from the IRA are based on when the original IRA owner died.

If the original IRA owner died before December 31, 2019, and

• Died before reaching age 70½, you can start taking RMDs no later than December 31 of the year following death. You also have the option of distributing your inherited IRA under the 5-year rule. This allows you to take distributions however you like without penalty, so long as all assets are completely distributed from your inherited IRA by December 31 of the 5th year following the IRA owner’s death.
• Died after reaching age 70½, you may elect to calculate those RMDs by using your own age or by using the original IRA owner’s age in their year of death, whichever was longer. This option may be advantageous if the original IRA owner was younger than you. In the case of a nonspouse inheritor, RMDs are generally required to begin in the year after the year of death.

If the original IRA owner died on or after January 1, 2020

• The SECURE Act requires beneficiaries to withdraw all assets from an inherited IRA or 401(k) plan by December 31 of the 10th year following the IRA owner’s death. Exceptions to the 10-year rule include payments made to an eligible designated beneficiary (a surviving spouse, a minor child of the account owner, a disabled or chronically ill beneficiary, and a beneficiary who is not more than 10 years younger than the original IRA owner or 401(k) participant). These beneficiaries can “stretch” payments over their life expectancy.